Protocol on Assessing and Treating Autism Essay Example for Free

Protocol on Assessing and Treating Autism Essay Introduction Autism has been the focal point of extensive study and contentious debate. Issues pertaining to its etiology, classification, treatment, and education prolong to maneuver those who come into contact with this exigent disorder.   In a contemporary perspective, clinical practitioners used the term to describe a withdrawal into fantasy in schizophrenia.   Characteristics of autism, such as avoiding the gaze of others and showing no detection of a parents absence, continue to be viewed as archetypal symptoms—writers later described this communal dearth as withdrawal. Thus, despite all these, there has been overpowering sighting on autistic individuals; scholars resolute that children with autism had good cognitive potentialities. This then gave a spark of hope to parents and later scoured for means to at least try preventing the child from becoming autistic during his or her adulthood (Sicile-Kira, 2004). Autism: In a Broad Perspective   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Autism is described as multifaceted neurobehavioral disarray which is distinguished by mutilation in shared societal relations, communication impairment, and the existence of monotonous and typical prototypes of action, wellbeing, and activities. Basically, symptoms occur in the age bracket of three years and below, thus the severity of the medical impairment varies dependent on the diagnoses and on to what doctors would define as its â€Å"spectrum.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Children with autism may be initially hard to distinguish since that the cases of autism are similar to that of the actions pf a normal infant (Ami Klin, Schultz, Volkmar, 2003).   Thus, it ranges on the verity of social interaction and the ability to express emotions that the distinction is then patterned.   As a matter of fact, language and communication deficits are also considered as stereotypical factors, hence not undermining the possibility of being a â€Å"late bloomer.† However, unlike the previous centuries where autism has been treated as a genetically acquired and inevitable to cure impairment, studies and researches have shown that there are far more better means and   a series of protocols to help treat autism in the verge of its early years to not only help the child   but also give light to its families as well (Treatment, 2008). Behavioral Approach Behavioral and didactic interferences have turn out to be the principal approach for treating individuals with autism. It includes operant conditioning, respondent (Pavlovian) conditioning, and cognitive approaches.   Basically, it involves a reinforcer and a punisher.   In this sense, the key players in the treatment process and similar to that of Ivan Pavlov’s theory, the student shall learn the essence of following the reinforcer so as not to be punished. Cognitive Developmental Approach   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Despite the behavioral factors that have been brought upon by scholars and medical practitioners, the neurodevelopmental differences were also observed to be an underpinning to the whirlwinds of autism.   These are considered because of the following reasons: firstly, autism is a varied turmoil and is prone to have manifold potential etiologies; secondly, structural neuro studies have specified an array of dispersed anatomical dissimilarities, thus weighty to that of an untimely developmental transformation in the expansion or pruning of neural tissue.   Further, relatively than contained abrasions; similarly, neurochemical researches advise early, neuromodulatory incongruities better than sickening or localized idiosyncrasies.   And lastly, numerous boundaries on studies of neurologically involved activities that to date disqualify definitive answers to questions of how the brain functions and responds differently in autism. Medical Approach   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Detecting autism earlier using new approach—this is the proposed strategy posted in me Medical News Today compliant to that of a press release of psychologists and psychiatrists in the University of New South Wales.   By this means, it is said that it is an up-to-date way of understanding the autistic inclined disorder through the collaboration of psychological and biological factors which are most likely to lead to conditions that are medically curable. Enactive Mind Protocol: Actions to Cognition Level of evidence   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Due to the increasing demand of resolving the magnitude of discrepancy upon understanding the pathophysiology of autism as transcribed in newer techniques, researches have been made to document and decipher the answer to the social discrepancy of these individuals.  Ã‚   The EM protocol instigated from the work on ‘embodied cognitive science’—a neuroscience scaffold that drafts cognition as physical occurrences ensued as a product of an organism’s adaptive behaviour upon significant facets of the contiguous atmosphere. Perceivably, such offers a developmental premise of autism in which the progression of gaining of personified societal cognition is overturned prematurely, as an effect of condensed salience of social spur and parallel passing of generally extraneous aspects of the setting (Ami Klin et al., 2003). Ease of use   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Perceivably, two of the most intriguing puzzles posed by autistic individuals are their social reasoning discrepancy and their failure to do naturalistic actions on normal situations.   Such distinction in character pounds them to the cognitive deficit of being different thus with the help of EM will then teach them better reasoning skills, which will have an impact on their real-life and communicative competence.   Further, the fact that these individuals have several cognitive, linguistic, knowledge-based and potentially useful vocational assets—but consequently in the contrary finding social situations challenging—would serve as their strength which will help them compensate their autism, and EM will help make it easier.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   For individuals with autism, however, the topology of salience, defined as the foveal elicitation of socially relevant stimuli—exemplified in eye-tracking tests and in studies of preferential attention to social versus non-social entities. If corroborated in larger studies, this finding would point to a major disruption in a highly conserved skill that is thought to be a core ability underlying social engagement and, subsequently, the capacity to attribute intentionality to others. The EM approach early social predispositions are thought to create the basis and the impetus for the subsequent emergence of mental representations that, because of their inseparability from social action, retain their adaptive value (Ami Klin et al., 2003). Barriers to implementation In contrary though, when an effectual interference protocol is executed at as juvenile an age as possible, it is most likely to create a vast distinction in the childs upshot and height of functioning later on in his or her adulthood.   The kit is to be in an array of books, medicine and other materials which have been compiled by distinguished medical practitioners who have been focusing on looking for means to treat autism. The risk points out however, that the â€Å"social interaction tests† in this protocol may not hold hard evidence on determining a child from being autistic or the otherwise. But then again, even though the protocol is risky, giving the task to parents or guardians, it may help the general public save time and save money for that matter. Rationale I chose this protocol for the reason that several studies have been documented similar to such and therefore, its level of evidence and feasibility in assessing and treating autism is valuable.   We have learned that these characteristics—counting, tapping, flicking, or repetitively reiterating words—and habitual behaviors including as an inflexible observance to usual and an obvious struggle to change—are the most explicit signs of autism in a child.   In essence, medical teams and concerned parents of these children are collaborating together to find the most efficient and effective protocol in treating autism before it becomes worse in the later life of any autistic child’s life (Simmons, 2007).   Most importantly, these new protocols are characterized to be â€Å"out-of-the-box† since that it does not only focus on the potency of â€Å"psychological† instances but it has dwelled more on tangible factors which are then easier to dist inguish. The provisions of information and supplements to assist parents of young children who have been lately found to be within the autism gamut hastily put into practice an intercession course which is believed to bridge a treatment for autism (Ami Klin et al., 2003).   Such protocol has profited a considerable proportion of brood within the vortex of the issue.   Further, it is a sarcasm to articulate that it is overpowering to obtain a distressing judgment of autism and then to try to speedily establish a course of action to facilitate the medical challenge. Conclusions and further remarks Efficiency of the protocol, evaluation on the possible gaps, barriers to implementation—these are perceivably the astounding thoughts that may sprout in the midst of these shared and introduced protocols.   Thus, the sheer actuality that science is always open to new ordeals is an assurance that there is always hope in anything.   Even though these questions continue to be clouded by polemics, the results from systematic groups, as well as from classrooms all the way through the country point toward those constructive efforts to instruct students with autism can and do work (Sicile-Kira, 2004).   In a like manner, the field of autism and developmental disabilities is beginning to recognize that the questions asked in the past may need to be changed. There is an increasing identification of values such as enclosure, preference, and self-determination from mischief, and these are now being integrated into programs that concern the issue on assessing and treating autism.   Protocols serve as proof that the challenge is well taken. References Ami Klin, W. J., Schultz, R., Volkmar, F. (2003). The Enactive Mind, or from Actions to Cognition: Lessons from Autism. Journal, 358(1430). Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/3558147 Mehl-Madrona, L. (2008). Imaging Children with ADHD: MRI Technology Reveals Differences in Neuro-signaling. Journal. Retrieved from http://www.healing-arts.org/children/ Sicile-Kira, C. (2004). Autism Spectrum Disorders: The Complete Guide to Understanding Autism, Aspergers Syndrome, Pervasive Developmental Disorder, and Other ASDs. New York, NY: Perigee Trade. Simmons, K. (2007). Autism Treatments. Journal. Retrieved from http://www.autismtoday.com/alternative_options.htm The Association for Science in Autism Treatment   (2008). About Autism. Journal. Retrieved from www.asatonline.org

I.T Faliure And Dependence :: essays research papers

In Today’s Society we are so Dependent on I.T that the Consequences of its Failure May be Catastrophic. Discuss the Threats and Causes of Failure, and Steps Taken to Minimise it. In today’s world it is impossible to run a large organisation without the aid of computers. Businesses hold massive amounts of important data, hospitals hold large amounts of confidential patient information and large scientific research projects hold important codes, formulae, and equations. The bottom line is that loss or corruption of this information is sure to result in bankruptcy, a substantial loss of customers, and even world-wide financial meltdown. A dependency on technology is impossible to avoid – even with its fatal consequences. Companies face the worry of information lost through hacking, virus corruption, and even physical threats such as fire and flood. Viruses are the most common threat to companies they can corrupt large amounts of files and data both kinds of virus, biological and electronic, take over the host cell/program and clone their carrier genetic codes by instructing the hosts to make replicas of the viruses. Neither kind of virus, however, can replicate themselves independently; they are pieces of code that attach themselves to other cells/programs, Just as biological viruses need a host cell, computer viruses require a host program to activate them. Once such example of the damage done by viruses occurred in 1988. A Cornell University hacker named Robert Morris used the national network system Internet, which include the Pentagon's ARPAnet data exchange network. The nation's high-tech ideologues and spin doctors have been locked in debate since, trying to make ethical and economic sense of the event. The virus rapidly infected an estimated six thousand computers around the USA This created a scare that crowned an open season of viral hysteria in the media, in the course of which, according to the Computer Virus Industry Association in Santa Clara, the number of known viruses jumped from seven to thirty during 1988, and from three thousand infections in the first two months of that year to thirty thousand in the last two months. While it caused little in the way of data damage (some richly inflated initial estimates reckoned up to $100m in down time), the ramifications of the Internet virus have helped to generate a moral panic that has all but transformed everyday "computer culture." Other worrying viruses include â€Å"Pathogen† which was created by Christopher Pile. I.T Faliure And Dependence :: essays research papers In Today’s Society we are so Dependent on I.T that the Consequences of its Failure May be Catastrophic. Discuss the Threats and Causes of Failure, and Steps Taken to Minimise it. In today’s world it is impossible to run a large organisation without the aid of computers. Businesses hold massive amounts of important data, hospitals hold large amounts of confidential patient information and large scientific research projects hold important codes, formulae, and equations. The bottom line is that loss or corruption of this information is sure to result in bankruptcy, a substantial loss of customers, and even world-wide financial meltdown. A dependency on technology is impossible to avoid – even with its fatal consequences. Companies face the worry of information lost through hacking, virus corruption, and even physical threats such as fire and flood. Viruses are the most common threat to companies they can corrupt large amounts of files and data both kinds of virus, biological and electronic, take over the host cell/program and clone their carrier genetic codes by instructing the hosts to make replicas of the viruses. Neither kind of virus, however, can replicate themselves independently; they are pieces of code that attach themselves to other cells/programs, Just as biological viruses need a host cell, computer viruses require a host program to activate them. Once such example of the damage done by viruses occurred in 1988. A Cornell University hacker named Robert Morris used the national network system Internet, which include the Pentagon's ARPAnet data exchange network. The nation's high-tech ideologues and spin doctors have been locked in debate since, trying to make ethical and economic sense of the event. The virus rapidly infected an estimated six thousand computers around the USA This created a scare that crowned an open season of viral hysteria in the media, in the course of which, according to the Computer Virus Industry Association in Santa Clara, the number of known viruses jumped from seven to thirty during 1988, and from three thousand infections in the first two months of that year to thirty thousand in the last two months. While it caused little in the way of data damage (some richly inflated initial estimates reckoned up to $100m in down time), the ramifications of the Internet virus have helped to generate a moral panic that has all but transformed everyday "computer culture." Other worrying viruses include â€Å"Pathogen† which was created by Christopher Pile.

Duty of Care Learning Disabilities

Q2. â€Å"Do you feel that the nurses caring for Scott fulfilled the duty of care that was owed him? The NMC: The Code requires nurses and midwifes to treat people as individuals. They must treat them kindly with consideration and respect their dignity. They must act as an advocate for people in their care and provide them with support and information access to health and social care needs. I don’t feel that Scott was treated in this way. According to Scott he was not given enough information regarding his health and treatment when he awoke form his operation. This suggests that he was not treated kindly or with consideration. It also suggest that he was not treated as an individual because he felt that he was refused information because of he has a learning disability. He points out in his letter of complaint that strangers in the bed next to him where given more information about his condition than he was. This is not protecting or respecting the individuals dignity or confidentiality. It also shows that Scott was discriminated against because of his learnig disabilities. The Code: tells us that nurses and midwifes must not discriminate in any way against people in their care. The Code shows us that nurses and midwifes must respect people right to confidentiality, this was shown in Scott’s letter that this was not the case as the people in the beds’ next to him where told more about his condition and treatment than he was. The Code also points out that nurses and midwifes must ensure that people are informed about other services and support and are given access to these. As Scott says he was depressed after his mothers death. Should the nursing staff that had the duty of care over Scott, provided services and support on the information that was given to them on his feeling of grief at the loss of his mother. They did not talk to him about it because they did not know what to say. If the nursing staff did not know how to deal or talk to Scott about this then they have a duty of care to find relative services and support for Scott. It is the nurses and midwifes responsibility through duty of care to protect and promote health and wellbeing of the people in their care. This could have been carried out by providing Scott with grief counceling for instance. As Scott was coming round after his operation he told the nurses of what he remembered. It is the nurses’ in this case according to NMC: The Code, that they ensure the people in their care are listened to and that their concerns and preferences are responded to. Scott felt the response he received with regards to the information he was given after his operation was not enough or what he had wanted. This seems to sugest that Scott was not listened to when he told the nursing staff of what he remembered of before his operation. This also seems to raise the subjest of the responsibility layed out in The Code, a failure to share with people, in a way they can understand and that it is the information they want or need to know about their health. The Code was set out to ensure best practice and to safe guard the health and wellbeing of the people in care of nurses and midwifes. It should ensure that problems are dealt with and that nurses are open and honest. It calls for nurses to explain fully and promptly to the person affected what has happened and the likely effects. In the case where Scott was receiving the taking of blood 3-4 times a day. He felt he was refused information as to why so much blood was being taken or why. He also describes that he was hungry and refused food but was not given a reason why. This would suggest that Scott was not asked for consent. For consent to be gained it is important that nurses and midwifes must up hold the rights of the people in their care and they are fully involved in decisions of their care. In order to make dicisions we must have information available to us in order to make that decision. As Scott was not given any information as to why regular blood samples where taken then how can he make an informed decision about his care. This would suggest a breach in gaining consent for those responsible for Scott’s care prior to treatment. The Code also call that nurses and midwifes must be aware of legislation regarding mental capacity. People who lack mental capacity remain at the centre of the decision making and are fully safeguarded against harm. If the nursing staff felt that Scott lacked mental capacity it is their responsibility to make arrangements to meet his communicaton needs and to recognise and respect the contribution he could have made to his own care and well being.

Case Study Driven By Demand - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1463 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Management Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? Case Study: Driven By Demand What is a demand-driven supply chain? How is it different from a forecast-driven supply chain? a)A Demand-driven supply chain is one methodology of provide chain management that involves building provide chains in response to demand signals. The most force of Demand-driven provides chain management is that its driven by customers demand. As compared with the standard provide chain, Demand-driven provide chain management uses the pull technique. It offers Demand-driven provide chain market opportunities to share a lot of info and to collaborate with others within the provide chain. Demand-driven supply chain management uses a capability model that consists of 4 levels. The primary level is reacting, the second level is Anticipating, the third level is Collaborating and therefore the last level is orchestrating. The primary 2 levels concentrate on the inner provide chain whereas the last 2 levels target external relations throughout the Extended Enterprise b) Demand driven is that the use of user consumption to create provides chain choices. The choice to demand driven i s forecast driven. The degree to that a provide chain is either forecast or demand driven is measureable as a share of choices that are demand driven instead of forecast driven. Common terms are push for forecast driven, and pull for demand driven. Many managers pursue the goal of being demand driven instead of forecast driven. This implies that choices on the corporate provide chain is supported actual instead of forecasts of finish usersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ demand. While a lot of ancient forecast driven provide chain will usually harm a companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s name, financials and capitalist confidence, a well-architected demand-driven provide chain becomes a property market advantage that permits you to considerably surpass your competitors in client service, operative prices, and free income. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Case Study: Driven By Demand" essay for you Create order How did the new supply chain positioning help NMS to streamline its supply chain operations and solve its problems related to its forecast-driven structure? NMS recognized that it required varying its positioning so as to contour offer chain operations. Rather than being within the middle handling the physical merchandise, NMS needed to take a seat higher than the provision chain, orchestrating and watching its daily performance. The corporate conjointly needed to produce visibility across the provision chain for each itself and its commerce partners. This might permit NMS to target its core competenciesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ design engineering and provide chain management, not offer chain execution. This locating would conjointly solve the matter of measurability. Beneath the recent model, growing the corporate meant adding folks and/or facilities in testing, deposit, distribution, shipping, and transportation. The new model scales a lot of simply, requiring fewer extra resources to support growth. The new forecast system conjointly helps in managing procure and provision. Add tools to manage Demand exploitation rating, promotions an d alternative client incentives. As a result of these tools square measure quite new, ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s taking a while to integrate them absolutely into the provision chain, Effective Demand shaping helps firms to focus on their most profitable customers and promote their most profitable merchandise and services, boosting rock bottom line from either side. Really this approach permits firms to cut back quality and manage it higher. The new system change firms to use the complete array of levers at their disposalà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ including rating, sales incentives, promotions and alternative promoting vehiclesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ to form and manage demand to maximize profits. In order to implement a build-to-order (BTO) strategy, which business practices needed to change as revealed by the quantitative analysis? Why? The first was lead times. Underneath the previous system, NMS would quote a customary lead-time of thirty days for all orders. Delivery would then occur in anyplace from ten days to thirty days or additional counting on the supply of the things. Underneath the new approach, once system implementation is completed, lead times can disagree counting on the merchandise and also the order size. Ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s helpful to get most profit and to satisfy your customers. Look at customers shopping for patterns, as well as each the daily order stream and also the quarterly pattern of demand. Rather than showing the same flow of enormous orders, the associate degree analysis discovered an erratic pattern of largely little orders, as well as several for one unit of 1 product. Forecast accuracy was poorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ under fifty % at the SKU level. During a BTO system, the forecast is employed principally to pre-position raw materials and to predict rough capability desires. Fore cast accuracy at the raw materials level is affected considerably by half commonality. Elements with high commonality profit by the law of enormous numbers; thats, some ending forecasts square measure too high, others too low, however the errors tend to cancel one another out. On the opposite hand, forecasts for distinctive elements may be, and infrequently square measure, extremely inaccurate. Thereà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s required to form improvement in their forecast system to run business effectively. There is required to alter in inventory flip system. NMS can neer build product unless forced to try to therefore by a client order. However once it will got to build product, itll build enough to each satisfy the order and to depart one à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“lotà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  sitting on the shelf. A lot for a cheap product is seven days of offer, or a minimum of fifteen units. Lots for a high-cost product are 3 days of offer, or a minimum of 5 units. In order that they will manage their inventory in well manner in line with wants and demands of consumers. What are the three major supply chain processes that NMS redesigned to move from a forecastà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"driven to a BTO system? How? Does moving to a BTO system make forecasting less important? Moving from a forecast-driven to a build-to-order system meant redesigning 3 major offer chain processes: New launching Demand designing Order management The new launching method was fraught with delays, incomprehensible communications, and frustration. New method featured abundant frequent data exchange. The goal is currently to use a work flow engine to manage these data exchanges. The team expects that the new method can shave six weeks off of the time needed to bring a brand new product through development and testing. Product quality is also expected to boost. The demand designing method had major issues. The project team lay out the as-is method, known the issues, and conjointly created a brand new demand designing method. This improved method, which is able to be supported by new demand designing and provide chain designing package, incorporates frequent time period communications between NMS sales, NMS operations, and SMTC as they iteratively develop the ultimate demand set up. Simulations are used incessantly to work out the probability of changes to the demand set up. Order management in all probability modified the foremost. Before the switch to build-to-order, SMTC made assemblies to a forecast and shipped them to stock at NMS. Within the new method, orders get NMS. When staff run a rapid credit check and applies a maturity stamp, the orders square measure at once announce to an online website visible to SMTC. The contract manufacturer will monitor the flow of client orders in close to real time, sanctioning it to set up consecutive dayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s production effectively. Moving to a BTO system build foretelling smaller as a result of With new offer chain designing package and with their databases synchronic, NMS and SMTC will currently quickly simulate the impact of taking giant or uncommon orders. If theres a retardant in accommodating the order, each firm will see the cause at once and if raw materials square measure restricted, theyll see that different client orders square measure competitive for those elements. This capability permits NMS to quickly respond back to customers w ith decisions. What are the manufacturing challenges in moving to a BTO system? Build to order (BTO) and generally spoken as build to order (MTO), could be a production approach wherever merchandise arent engineered till a confirmed order for merchandise is received. The foremost technically difficult changes concerned in moving to a build-to-order system were in producing. Makers are shifting from production to mass customization. These changes rotated around however producing it was done, however production programming was done, however prototypes were engineered, and the way raw materials were managed. The biggest challenge is making flow once the programming purpose, with the result being a foreseeable lead time that delivers what the client desires after they need it, The contract manufacturer required to scale back the transition time to but one hour to stay up with actual client demand. Another producing drawback was that new product prototypes were engineered on a similar surface-mount line as production runs of revenue-generating merchandi se. Raw part availableness becomes the essential issue once the buffer stocks of finished and work-in-process inventory are removed. BTO solely works if the raw materials are there after you want them.